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Heinrich Schenker (June 19, 1868 – January 14, 1935) was a composer, pianist, music critic, music teacher, and music theorist, best known for his approach to musical analysis, now usually called Schenkerian analysis.〔SchenkerGUIDE By Tom Pankhurst, p. 5 ff〕 == Early years and education == Little biographical information about Heinrich Schenker is available from external sources. Fortunately, he not only kept many of his personal papers (including many thousands of letters), but maintained a nearly 4000-page diary, which includes many recollections from his early years. Most of the biographical information we have about Schenker stems from this work. Thus far, Hellmut Federhofer's ''Heinrich Schenker'' (1985; see the Bibliography) is the only book to attempt a general biography. Much of the information in this article stems from that work. Schenker was born in Wisniowczyki, Austrian Galicia (present-day Ukraine) in 1868〔Many reference works and sources give conflicting dates as to the year of Schenker's birth: Some say 1867 (including archival documents from Schenker's educational institutions), and some say 1868. In requests for biographical data, Schenker always gave the year of his birth as 1868. Schenker himself explained this discrepancy in a letter to his childhood friend Moritz Violin (dated December 29, 1927) in which he described his parents asking the officials to add a year to Schenker's birth so that he'll be able to attend school at an earlier age. Additionally, the place of his birth has been disputed: ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'' (the leading music reference work in German) gives his place of birth as Podhajce. The clarification is that, when Schenker was born, Wisniowczyk was a town in the district of Podhajce. Although there is no birth certificate for Schenker, in a document dated July 28, 1877, the Jewish Community Board of Podhajce testified that Schenker was born in Wisniowczyk. on June 19, 1867.〕 to Johann Schenker and his wife,〔In official records, Johann Schenker's (spelled Szenker, born about 1833) marriage to Julia Mosler (born about 1834) is given as 1876, after all their children were born. Schenker explained this discrepancy in a letter to Violin, that Jewish marriages were originally handled only by Jewish authorities; only later were such marriages recognized by the state. Information about the marriage record can be seen in the (JRI-Poland database ) where it is listed: Podhajce PSA AGAD Births 1890–93,96,98,99,1902 Marriages 1847/99,1900,01, Deaths 1896,98,99,1900,04,05. Fond 300, AGAD Archive, Tarnopol Wojewodztwa, Ukraine. JRI-Poland, accessed August 18, 2012.〕 Julia (born Mosler), both Jews. Schenker's father was a doctor who had been allowed to settle in Wisniowczyk, a village of only 1,759 inhabitants (according to the 1869 census). There is very little information about Schenker's parents; Moritz Violin, Schenker's lifelong friend recalled Schenker describing "the seriousness of the father and the hot temper of the mother." Schenker was the fifth of six siblings: Markus (died 1880 in Lemberg), Rebeka (died 1889 in Gradiska), Wilhelm, a doctor, Schifre, and Moriz (Moses), born August 31, 1874. There is very little documentation concerning Schenker's childhood years. Schenker himself said nothing about his secondary school education. His musical instincts must have been discovered at an early age, for he went to Lemberg and studied with Carl Mikuli, but then continued his studies in Berezhany. Schenker received a scholarship to move to Vienna, where his family followed. Documents at the University of Vienna show him on the roster the beginning with the 1884/1885 season where he pursued a law degree. In addition to his studies at the University of Vienna, he was also enrolled at the Konservatorium of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde (today University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna) from 1887 through 1890. His entrance examination results indicated that he initially studied composition with Franz Krenn and piano with Ernst Ludwig. Schenker and his father asked that he be exempted from the first year's fees. Other documents indicate that in his first year Schenker majored in harmony under Anton Bruckner. Schenker's father died in 1887,〔A citation to the death record is given in the (JRI-Poland database ) , accessed August 18, 2012.〕 leaving the family destitute. Carl Flesch, also in attendance at the Konservatorium, left a description of Schenker as a student "who seemed half-starved, and who towered far above the rest of us...It was Heinrich Schenker, who later came to enjoy high esteem for his original musical theories and his all-embracing practical and theoretical musicality."〔Carl Flesch, ''The Memoirs of Carl Flesch'' translated and edited by Hans Keller and C.F. Flesch (New York: MacMillan, 1959), p. 26–27.〕 Schenker's negative feelings toward Bruckner are revealed in a quote in his ''Harmony'' (1906, written nearly twenty years after instruction). When while teaching Bruckner encountered instances where practice departed from rules, he would say in Austrian dialect: "Look, gentlemen, this is the rule. Of course, I don't compose that way."〔Heinrich Schenker, ''Harmony'', edited and annotated by Oswald Jonas, translated by Elisabeth Mann Borgese (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), p. 177.〕 Schenker had better memories of Ernst Ludwig. Ludwig accepted Schenker on the basis of his initial scholarship. Upon seeing some of Schenker's musical compositions, Ludwig recommended them to the pianist Julius Epstein. Later Ludwig sent students to study with Schenker. Schenker remembered Ludwig fondly and thought his teacher would have appreciated Schenker's work. In the 1888–89 season, Schenker studied counterpoint under Bruckner and continued piano study under Ludwig, always receiving the highest grades. The following season Schenker joined the composition class of Johann Nepomuk Fuchs. He graduated in November 20, 1889 and was charged only half the fee for the school year (the fee paid by Ludwig Bösendorfer). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Heinrich Schenker」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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